Family Factors and Major Depression in Macau Adolescents
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: Aim of this study is to investigate the current condition of adolescent depression in Macau and its relation with family factors, and to provide a reference for formulating policy about the issue
Material andMethods: The study used randomised multistage stratified cluster sampling. In March 2021, all students in normal education from Form 1 to Form 6 in day Secondary schools were eligible for study sampling. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) used to assess depression severity and a self-formulated questionnaire for investigation of family-related factors..
Results: There was total of 939 validated questionnaires, major depression occurred in 16.4% of the study samples, more females had depression than males (21.8% and 11.4%, respectively). Among all family factors, low-income family financial condition (monthly income <10000 MOP) (OR=2.71, 95% CI 1.02-7.21), parents not caring (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.01-4.69), poor relationship with parents (OR=3.01, 95% CI 1.53-5.91) and often quarrel with parents (OR=3.39, 95%CI 2.12-5.42) had significant correlation with adolescent major depression. The study also noted that female adolescents with major depression were more affected by family factors.
Conclusion: According to study results, Family factors and adolescent depression has correlation, it is advised that family intervention can be used as a reference for strategies on improving the adolescent depression problems.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2022-03-18
Published 2022-03-26
References
World Health Organization. Global accelerated action for the health of adolescents (AA-HA!): guidance to support country implementation. 2017 [Guidance on the Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited 2022 March 11]. p. 30. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512343
Boland, RJ & Verduin ML, editors. Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry 12 th Ed. E-book. Wolters Kluwer c2022. p.1218.
Núcleo de Prevenção de Doenças Crónicas e Promoção de Saúde, Macau CDC Study on Health Behavior in Macau Secondary Students in School Year 2017-2018. [Report on the Internet]. Servico de saude Macau; [cited 2022 March 11]. Available from: https://www.ssm.gov.mo/cpc/monitor
American Psychiatric Association. Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-5. American Psychiatric Publishing c2013. p. 94.
Núcleo de Prevenção de Doenças Crónicas e Promoção de Saúde, Macau CDC Study on Health Behavior in Macau Secondary Students in School Year 2012-2013. [Report on the Internet]. Servico de saude Macau; [cited 2022 March 11]. Available from: https://www.ssm.gov.mo/cpc/monitor
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. Macau; [modified 2022 March 10; cited 2022 March 11]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau#cite_note-11.
Statistical Times [Internet]. Projected GDP per capita Ranking; [cited 2022 March 11]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-capita-ranking.php
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9 validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med [Internet] 2001 [cited 2022 March 11]; 16 606-613. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11556941/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Tsai FJ, Huang YH, Liu, HC, Huang KY, Huang, YH, Liu, SI. Patient Health Questionnaire for school-based depression screening among Chinese adolescents. Pediatrics [Internet] 2014 Feb [cited 2022 March 11]; 133:e402-e409. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24446447/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0204
Leung YP, Chiang CL, Mak YW, Loke Y, Leung SF. Measurement invariances of the PHQ‐9 across gender and age groups in Chinese adolescents. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry [Internet] 2020 [cited 2022 March 11]; 12(3): e12381. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/appy.12381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12381
Erskine HE, Baxter AJ, Patton G, Moffitt TE, Patel V, Whiteford HA, Scott JG. The global coverage of prevalence data for mental disorders in children and adolescents. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences [Internet] 2017 [cited 2022 March 11]; 26(4): 395-402. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26786507/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796015001158
Kessler RC, & Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annual review of public health [Internet] 2013 [cited 2022 March 11]; 34: 119-138. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23514317/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409
Branje,S. Development of Parent–Adolescent Relationships: Conflict Interactions as a Mechanism of Change. Child Development Perspectives. [Internet] 2018 [cited 2022 March 11]; Volume 12, Number 3, 2018, Pages 171–176. Available from: https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdep.12278
Greenberger E, Chen C, Tally SR, Dong Q. Family, peer, and individual correlates of depressive symptomatology among U.S. and Chinese adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. [Internet] 2000 [cited 2022 March 11]; 68(2), 209–219. Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-15237-002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.209
Gariépy G, Honkaniemi H, Quesnel-Vallée, A. (2016) Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in Western countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry. [Internet] 2016 [cited 2022 March 11]; Volume 209, Issue 4, October 2016, pp. 284 – 293 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27445355/
Zhang Y, Li HF, Zou SH. Association between cognitive distortion, type D personality, family environment, and depression in Chinese adolescents. Depression research and treatment [ Internet] 2011 [cited 2022 March 11]; Volume 2011, Article ID 143045 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21747993/
Liu X, Sun ZX, Yang YY. (2008) Parent-reported suicidal behavior and correlates among adolescents in China. Journal of Affective Disorders. [Internet] 2008 January [cited 2022 March 11]; Volume 105, Issues 1–3, Pages 73-80. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17521742/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.012
Brière FN, Archambault K, Janosz M. Reciprocal Prospective Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Perceived Relationship With Parents in Early Adolescence. Can J Psychiatry [Internet] 2013 [cited 2022 March 11]; 58(3):169–176. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23461888/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371305800307
Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger. Attachment and Loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger. London: The Hogarth press and the institute of psycho-analysis. c1973.
Brumariu, L. E. & Kerns, K. A. Parent–child attachment and internalising symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and psychopathology [Internet] Winter 2010 [cited 2022 March 11]; 22(1): 177-203. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20102655/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990344
Hoskins, D. H. Consequences of parenting on adolescent outcomes. Societies [Internet] 2014 [cited 2022 March 11]; 4(3): 506-531. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/4/3/506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4030506
Zgambo M, Kalembo F, He GP, and Wang HH. Depression among Chinese children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Internet Journal of Child, Youth and Family studies [Internet] 2012 [cited 2022 March 11] 3(4.1): 442-457. Available from: https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ijcyfs/article/view/11543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs34.1201211543
Branje SJT, William WH III, Frijns T, Meeus WHJ. Longitudinal associations between perceived parent–child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology [Internet] 2010 [cited 2022 March 11]; 38, 751–763. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20217211/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9401-6
Beard JR, Tracy M, Vlahov D, Galea S. Trajectory and socioeconomic predictors of depression in a prospective study of residents of New York City. Annals of epidemiology [Internet] 2008 [cited 2022 March 11]; 18(3): 235-243. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279707004401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.10.004
Wang JL, Schmitz N, Dewa, CS. Socioeconomic status and the risk of major depression: the Canadian National Population Health Survey. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health [Internet] 2010 [cited 2022 March 11] 64(5): 447-452. Available from: https://jech.bmj.com/content/64/5/447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.090910
Gilman SE, Kawachi I, Fitzmaurice GM, Buka L. Socioeconomic status in childhood and the lifetime risk of major depression. International journal of epidemiology [Internet] 2002 [cited 2022 March 11]; 31(2): 359-367. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11980797/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.2.359
Gilman SE, Kawachi I, Fitzmaurice GM, Buka L. Socio-economic status, family disruption and residential stability in childhood: relation to onset, recurrence and remission of major depression. Psychological medicine [Internet] 2003 [cited 2022 March 11]; 33(8): 1341. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14672243/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703008377
Najman JM, Hayatbakhsh MR, Clavarino A, Bor W, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM. Family poverty over the early life course and recurrent adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression: a longitudinal study. American journal of public health [Internet] 2010 [cited 2022 March 11]; 100(9): 1719-1723. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634459/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180943
Lewis G, Jones PB, Goodyer IM. The ROOTS study: a 10-year review of findings on adolescent depression, and recommendations for future longitudinal research. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology [Internet] 2016 [cited 2022 March 11]; 51(2): 161-170. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26646820/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1150-y
Ross CE & Mirowsky J. Parental divorce, life-course disruption, and adult depression. Journal of Marriage and the Family [Internet] Nov 1999 [cited 2022 March 11]; Vol. 61, No. 4, 1034-1045. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/354022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/354022
Dong Q, Wang YP, Ollendick TH. Consequences of divorce on the adjustment of children in China. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology [Internet] 2002 [cited 2022 March 11]; 31(1): 101-110. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11845642/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3101_12
Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Williams DR. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. The British Journal of Psychiatry [Internet] 2010 [cited 2022 March 11]; 197(5): 378-385. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966503/
Hadžikapetanović H, Babić T, Bjelošević E. Depression and intimate relationships of adolescents from divorced families. Medicinski Glasnik [Internet] Feb 2017 [cited 2022 March 11]; 14(1):132-138. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27917848/
Morsy L & Rothstein R. Parents' Non-Standard Work Schedules Make Adequate Childrearing Difficult: Reforming Labor Market Practices Can Improve Children's Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes. Economic Policy Institute [Internet] 2015 August [cited 2022 March 11]; Issue Brief# 400. Available from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560409.pdf
Dockery A M, Li JH, Kendall G. Sole-parent work schedules and adolescent wellbeing: Evidence from Australia. Social Science & Medicine [Internet] November 2016 [cited 2022 March 11]; 168: 167-174. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953616305184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.019
Kaiser T, Li JH, Pollmann-Schult M. Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being. Community, Work & Family [Internet] 2019 [cited 2022 March 11]; 22(2): 167-182. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13668803.2017.1404443?journalCode=ccwf20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2017.1404443
Li J, Ohlbrecht H, Pollmann-Schult M, Habib FE. Parents’ nonstandard work schedules and children’s social and emotional wellbeing: A mixed-methods analysis in Germany. JFR–Journal of Family Research [Internet] 2020 [cited 2022 March 11]; 32(2): 330-356. Available from: https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/69837 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-371