@article{Ata_Dincer_2018, title={A single group, pretest-posttest clinical trial for the effects of botulinum toxin injection using dual guidance into the upper extremity muscles for the treatment of focal spasticity in patients with chronic stroke}, volume={5}, url={https://medscidiscovery.com/index.php/msd/article/view/235}, abstractNote={<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to determine if ultrasonography and electrical muscle stimulation-guided botulinum toxin injection into the upper extremity muscles increases the efficacy of the treatment of focal spasticity in patients with chronic stroke.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This study included 22 chronic hemiplegic stroke patients with grade 2 and 3 spasticity in the upper extremity muscles, based on the Modified Ashworth Scale. The study hypothesis was that ultrasonography and electrical muscle stimulation-guided botulinum toxin injection would increase the efficacy of the treatment of spasticity. The Modified Ashworth Scale, Tardieu Scale, Barthel Index and Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment Scale were administered at baseline, and at 2 weeks and 2 months post treatment.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong><strong> </strong>All parameters were improved significantly at 2 weeks post treatment, as compared to baseline, and the observed improvement persisted at 2 months post treatment (P < 0.05).</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong><strong> </strong>Ultrasonography<strong> </strong>and electrical muscle stimulation-guided botulinum toxin injection significantly improved spasticity and functional recovery in chronic stroke patients with upper extremity spasticity.</p>}, number={5}, journal={Medical Science and Discovery}, author={Ata, Emre and Dincer, Umit}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={198–201} }