Investigating Hopelessness and Fear among the General Population during COVID-19 Pandemic Hopelessness and Fear among population in COVID-19 Pandemic
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the levels of hopelessness and fear of COVID-19 in individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study was concluded Sinop Province, Turkey, from July 2020 to September 2020. The study sample consisted of 1200 individuals living in Sinop who agreed to participate in the study. An interview form was filled by the researcher for the individuals who decided to participate in the study.
Results: Of the 1200 participants, 537 (44.75%) were male, and 663 (55.25%) were female, with a mean age of 38.96. Participants had mild hopelessness (8.42%) and moderate COVID-19 fear (20.74%). There was a direct correlation between the COVID-19 Fear Scale and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. A statistically significant correlation was found between age, education, and fear of COVID-19 (respectively, p=0.001; p=0.010). A statistically significant correlation was found between the number of days the participants went out per week and income and fear of COVID-19 (respectively, p=0.001; p=0.001). There was also a significant difference between work and hopelessness (p=0.033). While there is a weak negative relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and the number of days individuals go out per week; A weak positive correlation was found with age (r=-0.109; r=0.098, respectively).
Conclusion: Due to the rapid spread of the pandemic, it was considered that policymakers and officials should develop effective behavioral strategies to reduce the mental consequences of the pandemic in society.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2022-05-14
Published 2022-05-17
References
Liu X, Kakade M, Fuller CJ, Fan B, Fang Y, Kong J, Guan Z, Wu P. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;53(1):15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003. Epub 2011 Apr 12. PMID: 21489421; PMCID: PMC3176950. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003
Ahmad T, Khan M, Khan FM, Hui J. Are we ready for the new fatal Coronavirus: scenario of Pakistan? Hum Vacc Immunother. 2020:1–3. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1724000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1724000
Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. 2020 Mar 5. doi: http://10.1002/jmv.25748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25748
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. Epub 2020 Jan 24. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;: PMID: 31986264; PMCID: PMC7159299.
Bouey, J. From SARS to 2019-Coronavirus (nCoV): U.S.-China Collaborations on Pandemic Response: Addendum. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2020; https://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT523z2.html. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/CT523.2
Yang Y, Peng F, Wang R, Yange M, Guan K, Jiang T, Xu G, Sun J, Chang C. The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. J Autoimmun. 2020 May;109:102434. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102434. Epub 2020 Mar 3. Erratum in: J Autoimmun. 2020 Jul;111:102487. PMID: 32143990; PMCID: PMC7126544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102487
Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020; 55:105924. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients. Laryngoscope. 2020; doi: 10.1002/lary.28692. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28753
World Health Organization Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_16.
Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior,3(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS; China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PMID: 32109013; PMCID: PMC7092819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. Epub 2020 Jan 24. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;: PMID: 31986264; PMCID: PMC7159299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020a). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):Manage anxiety &stress. Retrieved March 16, 2020,from:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/managingstress-anxiety.html.
Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P., & Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15(8), 743–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x
Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International journal of mental health and addiction. 2020.
Shea, Frank, Hurley, Elizabeth, 1964. Hopelessness and helplessness. Psychiatr. Care 2(1), 32–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.1964.tb01391.x
Hall RCW, Hall RCW, Chapman MJ. The 1995 Kikwit Ebola outbreak: lessons hospitals and physicians can apply to future viral epidemics. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008; 30: 446–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. genhosppsych.2008.05.003 PMID: 18774428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.003
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469- 020-00270-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Seber, Güiten, Dilbaz, Nesrin, Kaptanoglu, Cem, Tekin, Durmus¸, 1993. Umutsuzluk €olçe gi geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Kriz Dergisi 1 (3), 139–142.
Wu KK, Chan SK, Ma TM. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Trauma Stress (2005) 18:39–42. doi: 10.1002/jts.20004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20004
Ko CH, Yen CF, Yen JY, Yang MJ. Psychosocial impact among the public of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Taiwan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2006) 60:397–403. doi: 10.1111/j.1440- 1819.2006.01522.x 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01522.x
Huang Y, Zhao N. Mental health burden for the public affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Who will be the high-risk group? Psychol Health Med (2020) 14:1–12. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1754438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1754438
Bitan DT, Grossman-Giron A, Bloch Y, Mayer Y, Shiffman N, Mendlovic S. Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research. 2020 May 15:113100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
Limcaoco, R.S.G., Mateos, E.M., Fernandez, J.M., Roncero, C., 2020. Anxiety, worry and perceived stress in the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020.Preliminary Results. medRxivhttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20043992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20043992
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., Xu, Y., 2020. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen. Psychiatry 33, e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
Hacimusalar Y, Kahve AC, Yasar AB, Aydin MS. Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of psychiatric research. 2020 Oct 1;129:181-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.024
McLaughlin, Katie A., Hatzenbuehler, Mark L., 2009. Stressful life events, anxiety sensitivity, and internalizing symptoms in adolescents. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 118 (3),659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016499
Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J, Chae JH. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiology and health. 2016;38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048
Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jkfu3
Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths,M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54127/WCIC8036
Galea S, Merchant RM, Lurie N. The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing: The Need for Prevention and EarlyIntervention. JAMA Intern Med(2020). doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
Khan S, Siddique R, Li H, Ali A, Shereen MA, Bashir N, Xue M. Impact of coronavirus outbreak on psychological health. Journal of Global Health. 2020 Jun;10(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010331
Ustun G. Determining depression and related factors in a society affected by COVID-19 pandemic. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020 Jun 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020938807
Lee SA, Mathis AA, Jobe MC, Pappalardo EA. Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research. 2020 May 20:113112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113112